HMPV(Human Metapneumovirus): symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention
Introduction
Millions of people worldwide suffer from respiratory illnesses, especially during peak seasons. Human Metapneumovirus is one such virus that is similarly important but less well-known (HMPV). Since its discovery in 2001, this virus has become a prevalent cause of respiratory ailments in both adults and children. The definition, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of HMPV will all be covered in this extensive guide, along with how it differs from other respiratory viruses such as RSV, influenza, and COVID-19.
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV): What is it?
A single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) shares a strong relationship with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). HMPV mostly affects the respiratory system, resulting in upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, and bronchitis.Retrospective investigations indicate that it has been in human circulation for more than 50 years, although Dutch researchers isolated it for the first time in 2001.
Who Could Get infected with HMPV?
Although HMPV can infect everyone, several groups are more likely to experience severe illness:- Young children and infants
- Senior citizens (those over 65)
- People with impaired immune systems (such as cancer patients and transplant recipients)
- Individuals with long-term heart or lung diseases
What Is the Spread of HMPV?
Like other respiratory viruses, HMPV spreads in the following ways:- Airborne particles from sneezes or coughs
- Direct interaction with sick people
- touching the face after coming into contact with infected objects (such as toys or door knobs)
- The virus is more prevalent from late winter to spring, and seasonal epidemics sometimes resemble influenza and RSV outbreaks.
HMPV symptoms
In general, HMPV symptoms are similar to those of other respiratory infections and can range from moderate to severe. The following are the most typical signs of HMPV:Among kids:
- runny nose
- Coughing
- A fever
- Wheezing
- Breathing difficulties
- Diminished appetite
Adult Irritability:
- Cough
- A sore throat
- congestion of the nose
- Breathlessness
- Weariness
- Aches in the muscles
- Fever, which is less frequent in adults
- Pneumonia or bronchiolitis can result from severe cases, especially in high-risk populations.
HMPV complications
HMPV typically results in minor sickness. Serious issues, however, can arise, particularly among susceptible groups:- A case of pneumonia
- Exacerbation of asthma
- Bronchiolitis
- Failure of the respiratory system
- ICU admission or hospitalization
HMPV diagnosis
Appropriate laboratory testing is essential for the diagnosis of HMPV because its symptoms can be confused with those of other respiratory diseases.Methods of Diagnosis:
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, or RT-PCR, is the most widely used and sensitive technique for identifying viral RNA in throat or nasal swabs.- Rapid antigen tests are less frequently used for HMPV because they are less accessible and have a lower sensitivity.
- Viral culture: This method is more time-consuming and primarily utilized for research.
- CT scan or chest X-ray: In extreme situations, to screen for pneumonia or other issues.
- Physicians frequently perform simultaneous testing for several respiratory infections, particularly during the flu or COVID-19 seasons.
A Guide to Treating Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)
No particular antiviral therapy is currently available to treat Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV). The main goal of management is supportive care, which aims to reduce symptoms and avoid complications, particularly in susceptible groups like young children, the elderly, and people with impaired immune systems.1. Helpful Therapy
Antibiotics are ineffective against HMPV since it is a viral infection unless a subsequent bacterial infection is present.- The following are typical supportive therapies: Rest: To aid in the body's healing.
- Hydration: To avoid dehydration, promote drinking lots of water.
- Relief of fever and pain:
- Ibuprofen or paracetamol (acetaminophen) for fever, sore throat, and body aches.
- Nasal saline sprays or drops: Aid in children's and babies' nasal congestion.
- Humidified air: Using a cool-mist humidifier can help kids breathe easier.
2. Admission to the hospital
- Hospitalization may be required for:
- Babies, particularly those less than six months
Senior citizens
Individuals suffering from heart disease, asthma, chronic lung conditions, or compromised immune systemsHospital therapies could consist of:
- For people who have trouble breathing, oxygen treatment
- Fluids administered intravenously (IV) for dehydration
- In extreme situations, such as respiratory collapse, mechanical ventilation
HMPV prevention
Although there isn't a vaccination for HMPV at the moment, there are a number of ways to lower your risk of infection.- Frequently washing your hands for at least 20 seconds with soap and water is one way to prevent HMPV.
- Refrain from touching the face, particularly the mouth, nose, and eyes.
- Regularly clean frequently used surfaces and items.
- Avoid being around sick people.
- When you cough or sneeze, use tissues or your elbows.
- When in busy or dangerous situations, use masks.
- Increase immunity with exercise, a healthy diet, and enough sleep.
- During HMPV season, caregivers and those with impaired immune systems should exercise special caution.
Does HMPV Pose a Risk?
HMPV usually results in a mild respiratory ailment that goes away in 5–10 days for healthy people. However, the virus can cause serious respiratory problems, including hospitalization, in immunocompromised patients, elderly people, and small children.Vaccine development and research scientists are presently
engaged on the following projects:
- Knowing the structure and immunogenicity of HMPV
- Creating vaccinations for populations at high risk
- Examining antiviral treatments that could be useful in upcoming outbreaks
- HMPV may potentially benefit from recent developments in mRNA vaccine technology, which are comparable to those employed in COVID-19 vaccines.
When Should I See a Physician?
Get medical attention if you or your child suffer from:- A high fever that lasts more than three days
- Breathing difficulties
- Blue face or lips
- Signs of dehydration include dry mouth, lack of tears, and decreased urine.
- Instead of getting better, symptoms are getting worse.
- Complications can be avoided with prompt medical intervention.
HMPV in India and Its Effects Worldwide
No nation is immune to the human metapneumovirus. HMPV outbreaks in India frequently go unreported because of low testing and a lack of knowledge. However, pediatric hospitals in large cities have reported an increase in seasonal HMPV incidence, particularly during the winter and post-monsoon seasons.The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) both acknowledge that HMPV is a major cause of respiratory illnesses worldwide.
In conclusion
Despite not being as well-known as the flu or COVID-19, the human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a serious respiratory infection that requires consideration. Its impact and spread can be lessened by being aware of the signs, ways it spreads, and preventive measures. Even though the majority of instances are mild, supportive treatment and early detection are crucial, particularly for high-risk groups.It is hoped that effective vaccines and therapies for HMPV will soon become a reality due to growing awareness and scientific study.